Mysterious & Historical Locations -Articles, Audio, Video, Podcasts, Gallary of ancient Maps & more : - ACROSTIC SONNET
"Unraveling the Mystery of NEMA" "Exploring Neo-Luddism and Language"
" BINGO ! FIND HIS$ NEMA " HECK$ NEOLOGISM LUDDITE
HEARSAY DODDLE BOW , UFORTUNATELY MINDLESS OF ANIMISM RATHER NICETY STRIDENT GLOBULE TOE ;
ASSIDUOUS DODDLE BOW , REVITALIZE THAT REPARATION THE ENVIRONMENT GLOBULE TOE ;
MUNDANE ANIMALITY DOODLE BOW, DEBILITY EMBODY INTUITIVE GLOBULE TOE ;
GALLOWS HUMOUR DODDLE BOW , OVERGEALOUS DESPOILED IN SPAN OF GLOBULE TOE ;
LAG INTRASIGENT DODDLE BOW , KINGPIN ESPLANADE NEXT TO NO GO AREA A SOOTH SAYER GLOBULE TOE ;
PINNA RATHER ACHILLIES HILL DODDLE BOW , AS RUDDY TAN INSTEAD OF BLISTER A TAG INFRACTION VANDAL EX- GRATIA GLOBULE TOE ;
SOLITUDE DODDLE BOW , TRANSIT RAFFISH INCONSTANT AS A GAMEBALL TO EMOLLIENT AND NASCENT TIMBRE GLOBULE TOE ;
FLOG A DEAD HORSE DODDLE BOW , ERODED TOP UP CONDIDENCE AND INCIDENCE STUB HINDSIGHT GLOBULE TOE ;
APPRISE STRING ARM DODDLE BOW , TACIT HAMPER ENNUI RISE UP LIMPID EXPERTISE TO GLOBUL TOE ;
JUMP THROUGH HOOPS (Leapfrog) ASPIRANTS DODDLE BOW , ESCHEW ESCAPEMENT AS NEPOTISM GLOBULE TOE ;
BRIC-N-BRAC OBSCENE DODDLE BOW , KEN ENAMOUR TO THE NEXT DOOR GLOBULE TOE ;
INFER SAG DODDLE BOW , PONCE IRE REVULTIONS INFECT TEENAGER GLOBULE TOE ;
INCURSION FROSTBITE DODDLE BOW , NUMBNESS OVERPLAY YOUR HAND FOR TITIBATING GLOBULE TOE ;
IMPROPEIETY NATIVE DODDLE BOW , LET-UP ERGO TOMFOOLARY TONGUE-TIED EQUIVOCAL RILE SOT GLOBULE TOE ;
ACROSTIC PARAGRAPH -
" HUMANS ARE MADE IN GOD'S LIKENESS , PARTITIVE STRIGENT , FETISH ; AS THE RULE HAD - BEEN BROKEN IN SPIRIT IF NOT IN LETTERS . "
by WISHAL JAIN
" HYDR'O'XY'GEN' "
★ DD : Disclaimerized Depiction ; ★ FINDING NEMA Missing in Red / Black Sea.🦆 Guillin :- Animal that attract and deliver their breath more strongly. 🦆 Lubbock :- Colour ,scent, and honey are the three charecteristics by which insects are attracted to the flowers . 🦆 Burton :- Attraction is a ministering faculty , which as a loadstone doth with iron , draws meat into the stomach or as a lamp does oil. 🦆 Scoffern :- Attraction , which is effective only at insensible distances ..has been called contiguous attraction 🎮 H. More songs of soul :- The nearer you placelead to the centre , the swifter the Ballance moves. 🎮 Lockhart Scott :- ' Balaam ' is the can't name for asinine about monstrous productions , of nature and the like, kept standing in type to be used whenever the real news of the day leave an awkard space that must be filled up somehow. 🦃 Balaam :- A non-Israelite prophet in the Hebrew Bible, known for blessing Israel against his employer's wishes and for an encounter with a talking donkey • God used Balaam to pronounce blessings on Israel (Old Testament) Adam's wife in Judeo-Christian mythology: the first woman and mother of the human race; "🦆GOD CREATED EVE FROM ADAM'S RIB 🦆" and placed Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden.
Unvoiced , unnoticed , unconsidered :-
‡ Christina revealed in her autobiography that she felt "an insurmountable distaste for marriage" and "for all the things that females talked about and did." She once stated, "It takes more courage to marry than to go to war."
🦆 Blue stockings :- The central virtue is The basis of all morality in a Sentence or in a sWords.
‡ Christina, the Queen of Sweden
🦆 "Give me the splendid silent sun with all his beams full-dazzling!' (Walt Whitman, "Give Me the Splendid Silent Sun")
🌞 The phrase "the empire on which the sun never sets" (Spanish: el imperio donde nunca se pone el sol) has been used to describe certain global empires that were so territorially extensive that it seemed as though it was always daytime in at least one part of their territory.
The concept of an empire ruling all lands where the sun shines dates back to the Egyptians, the Mesopotamians, the Persians, and the Romans. In its modern form, it was first used for the Habsburg Empire of Charles V, who, as Duke of Burgundy, King of Spain, Archduke of Austria, and Holy Roman Emperor, attempted to build a universal monarchy. The term was then used for the Spanish Empire under Philip II and his successors, when it reached a global territorial size, particularly in the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries. It was also used for the British Empire, mainly in the 19th and early 20th centuries, a period in which it reached a global territorial size. In the late 20th century, the phrase was sometimes adapted to refer to the global reach of American power.
† Simple visit of curtsey :- Any Propositions like landslides or explosions via sound [echoes] that feels unlucky being 13th are not permitted to privilege of such familiarity for to whom so ever it may concern as the years beings of 12 months on the Nine months side. -- The Queen of Sheba .
🦆 Despised, if ugly; if she's fair, betrayed.
— Mary Leapor, "Essay on Woman" (1751)
The Bermuda Triangle, also known as the Devil's Triangle, is an urban legend focused on a loosely defined region in the western part of the North Atlantic Ocean where a number of aircraft and ships are said to have disappeared under mysterious circumstances. e.g.HMS Atalanta,USS Cyclops,Carroll A. Deering,Flight 19,Star Tiger and Star Ariel,Douglas DC-3,Connemara IV,KC-135 Stratotankers .
![The Devil's Sea [Japanese: 魔の海, Hepburn: Ma no Umi(translated as devil sea, troublesome sea, or dangerous sea)], also known as the Devil's triangle, the Dragon's Triangle, the Formosa Triangle and the Pacific Bermuda Triangle, is a region of the Pacific, south of Tokyo. The Devil's Sea is sometimes considered a paranormal location, though the veracity of these claims has been questioned.](images/public/sd_665eac1561c1c.png?no_cache=1717487834)
The Devil's Sea [Japanese: 魔の海, Hepburn: Ma no Umi(translated as devil sea, troublesome sea, or dangerous sea)], also known as the Devil's triangle, the Dragon's Triangle, the Formosa Triangle and the Pacific Bermuda Triangle, is a region of the Pacific, south of Tokyo. The Devil's Sea is sometimes considered a paranormal location, though the veracity of these claims has been questioned.
![Marie Byrd Land (MBL) is an unclaimed region of Antarctica. With an area of 1,610,000 km2 (620,000 sq mi), it is the largest unclaimed territory on Earth. Area map of : Marie Byrd Land, Etymology: Wife of explorer Richard E. Byrd , Coordinates : 80°S 120°W ,Continent : AntarcticaIt was named after the wife of American naval officer Richard E. Byrd, who explored the region in the early 20th century. The territory lies in West Antarctica, east of the Ross Ice Shelf and the Ross Sea and south of the Pacific Ocean portion of the Antarctic or Southern Ocean, extending eastward approximately to a line between the head of the Ross Ice Shelf and Eights Coast. It stretches between 158°W and 103°24'W. The inclusion of the area between the Rockefeller Plateau and Eights Coast is based upon Byrd's exploration. Marie Byrd Land is covered by the vast West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS). The WAIS in Marie Byrd Land drains off the continent to the east into the Ross Ice Shelf via seven ice streams. Along the coast of the Southern Ocean and the Amundsen Sea, ice drains via glaciers, the major one being the Thwaites. The West Antarctic Rift System (WARS[39]) that evolved over the last hundred million years, includes all or part of Marie Byrd Land.](images/public/sd_66c1a7d6aa409.png?no_cache=1723968466)
Marie Byrd Land (MBL) is an unclaimed region of Antarctica. With an area of 1,610,000 km2 (620,000 sq mi), it is the largest unclaimed territory on Earth. Area map of : Marie Byrd Land, Etymology: Wife of explorer Richard E. Byrd , Coordinates : 80°S 120°W ,Continent : AntarcticaIt was named after the wife of American naval officer Richard E. Byrd, who explored the region in the early 20th century. The territory lies in West Antarctica, east of the Ross Ice Shelf and the Ross Sea and south of the Pacific Ocean portion of the Antarctic or Southern Ocean, extending eastward approximately to a line between the head of the Ross Ice Shelf and Eights Coast. It stretches between 158°W and 103°24'W. The inclusion of the area between the Rockefeller Plateau and Eights Coast is based upon Byrd's exploration. Marie Byrd Land is covered by the vast West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS). The WAIS in Marie Byrd Land drains off the continent to the east into the Ross Ice Shelf via seven ice streams. Along the coast of the Southern Ocean and the Amundsen Sea, ice drains via glaciers, the major one being the Thwaites. The West Antarctic Rift System (WARS[39]) that evolved over the last hundred million years, includes all or part of Marie Byrd Land.
🔏⚠️ 1441 "Legends of Anne Bonny & Mary Read" "Anne Bonny & Mary Read: Myth vs Reality" 🐃 🏹 ? 🐾. ⭐ 🙈 $ HE 📹 ⭐ ☠️
👉 🍁 Newcomb's paradox: How do you play a game against an omniscient (infinitely wise) opponent?
Exploration of Unexplained Phenomena: ____________________________________
🔏⚠️ PROPOSING JACOB STAFF FOR ECHOLOCATING 🐬🐬🐬 🌟 SHE 🌟 🐳🐳🐳 AS " HER HAT 🤠 COST THE EARTH 🌎
❄️❄️❄️❄️❄️❄️❄️❄️❄️❄️❄️❄️❄️❄️
🌜 Moon
| 🌎 EARTH
| / 🌞 SUN
| /
💫🌌💫/
| /
| /
🌟 (SHINER STAR)
|(15 LIGHTYEARS4•615 PARSEC
| FROM EARTH)
|
💫🌌💫 ( Galaxy)
|
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GENOMIC LAND OF 🦄🦄🦄 's SHINER (🌟)🐴🐴🐴 ' s AS CENTRE OF GRAVITY OF DOUBLE HELICES (HELIXES) EXSPATIARY OF DISTRICTUS HELICES SCORED K - PARSEC .
And of course , " it's my life " , presently in N.O. at fixed Modulated Amplitude 5' 8" as measured Starkly from Alma Canter Staff.
BY " WISHAL JAIN "
🍁 Decision-making paradox: Selecting the best decision-making method is a decision problem in itself.
★ #@ comment :- Asternal fact check starky or not on the internal or external side. ★
♦ Moseley Astrom. :- Knowing the right ascension & declination of a star , we know it's exact position in the great sphere of the heavens.
♦ Every star in heaven ....is colonis'd & replanish'd with astrean ( belonging to stars ) inhabitants. by Howell
♦ Who could.... as the Alchymists professed to do.... distil you an 'Astral Spirit' ( that lives in heavenly bodies, as fallen angels, souls of dead men,& spirits originating in fire.) from the Ashes.
by Carlyle Sterling
♦ Neither Astral spirits nor angel can prevail against one ray of the deity.
H.More 'Songs of the Souls' Notes
♦ The glow of an Astral lamp was penetrating mistily through the white curtain. by Howthorne Blithed
🕳️🕳️🕳️🕳️🕳️🕳️🕳️🕳️🕳️🕳️🕳️🕳️🕳️🕳️🕳️
Enūma Eliš (Akkadian Cuneiform: , also spelled "Enuma Elish"), meaning "When on High", is a " BABYLONIAN CREATION MYTH "
(named after its opening words) from the late 2nd millennium BCE and the only complete surviving account of ancient near eastern cosmology. Enūma Eliš has about a thousand lines and is recorded in Akkadian on seven clay tablets, each holding between 115 and 170 lines of Sumero-Akkadian cuneiform script. Most of Tablet V has never been recovered, Over the seven tablets, it describes the creation of the world, a battle between gods focused on the offering to Marduk, the creation of man destined for the service of the Mesopotamian deities, and it ends with a long passage praising Marduk.
🔸Tablet 1 :-
" When on high the heaven had not been named,
Firm ground below had not been called by name,
Naught but primordial Apsu, their begetter,
(And) Mummu*–Tiamat, she who bore them all, Their waters commingling as a single body;
No reed hut had been matted, no marsh land had appeared,
When no gods whatever had been brought into being,
Uncalled by name, their destinies undetermined—
Then it was that the gods were formed within them."
🔸Tablet 4 :- Marduk was given a throne, and sat over the other gods, who honored him. :-
" Lord, truly thy decree is first among gods.
Say but to wreck or create; it shall be.
Open thy mouth: the Images will vanish!
Speak again, and the Images shall be whole! "
(Other gods speak to Marduk)
🔸 Tablet 6 :- Marduk then spoke to Ea, saying he would use his own blood to create man, and that man would serve the gods. Ea advised one of the gods be chosen as a sacrifice; the Igigi advised that Kingu be chosen. His blood was then used to create man. :-
" Construct Babylon, whose building you have requested,
Let its brickwork be fashioned. You shall name it 'The Sanctuary'. "
(Marduk commands the other gods, the Anunnaki)
⚠️🔏 🌲🌳🌴🏡LATITUDE 🕶️18.788688, LONGITUDE 🕶️98.9878889 ; 3 MINUTES (1.2 KM) FROM ISHTAR GATE IRAQ 🌲🌳🌲🌴
* " PHOTO ~ TROPISM " *
The growth of plants in respect to light stimulus
In biology, phototropism is the growth of an organism in response to a light stimulus. Phototropism is most often observed in plants, but can also occur in other organisms such as fungi. The cells on the plant that are farthest from the light contain a hormone called auxin that reacts when phototropism occurs. This causes the plant to have elongated cells on the furthest side from the light. Phototropism is one of the many plant tropisms, or movements, which respond to external stimuli. Growth towards a light source is called positive phototropism, while growth away from light is called negative phototropism. Negative phototropism is not to be confused with skototropism, which is defined as the growth towards darkness, whereas negative phototropism can refer to either the growth away from a light source or towards the darkness. Most plant shoots exhibit positive phototropism, and rearrange their chloroplasts in the leaves to maximize photosynthetic energy and promote growth. Some vine shoot tips exhibit negative phototropism, which allows them to grow towards dark, solid objects and climb them. The combination of phototropism and gravitropism allow plants to grow in the correct direction.
Phototropism in plants such as Arabidopsis thaliana is directed by blue light receptors called phototropins. Other photosensitive receptors in plants include phytochromes that sense red light and cryptochromes that sense blue light. Different organs of the plant may exhibit different phototropic reactions to different wavelengths of light. Stem tips exhibit positive phototropic reactions to blue light, while root tips exhibit negative phototropic reactions to blue light. Both root tips and most stem tips exhibit positive phototropism to red light.
Cryptochromes are photoreceptors that absorb blue/ UV-A light, and they help control the circadian rhythm in plants and timing of flowering. Phytochromes are photoreceptors that sense red/far-red light, but they also absorb blue light; they can control flowering in adult plants and the germination of seeds, among other things. The combination of responses from phytochromes and cryptochromes allow the plant to respond to various kinds of light. Together phytochromes and cryptochromes inhibit gravitropism in hypocotyls and contribute to phototropism.
Photolysis in photosynthesis :- Photolysis is part of the light-dependent reaction, light phase, photochemical phase, or Hill reaction of photosynthesis. The general reaction of photosynthetic photolysis can be given in terms of photons as:
(H2A) + 2 photons ⟶ (2e−) + (2H+) + A
The chemical nature of "A" depends on the type of organism. Purple sulfur bacteria oxidize hydrogen sulfide (H2S) to sulfur (S). In oxygenic photosynthesis, water (H2O) serves as a substrate for photolysis resulting in the generation of diatomic oxygen (O2). This is the process which returns oxygen to Earth's atmosphere. Photolysis of water occurs in the thylakoids of cyanobacteria and the chloroplasts of green algae and plants. The effectiveness of photons of different wavelengths depends on the absorption spectra of the photosynthetic pigments in the organism. Chlorophylls absorb light in the violet-blue and red parts of the spectrum, while accessory pigments capture other wavelengths as well. The phycobilins of red algae absorb blue-green light which penetrates deeper into water than red light, enabling them to photosynthesize in deep waters.
Photolysis occurs in the atmosphere as part of a series of reactions by which primary pollutants such as hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides react to form secondary pollutants such as peroxyacyl nitrates. Reference :- Photochemical smog.
★ DD : Disclaimerized Depiction ; ★ THE TOWER🗼OF BABEL,STILL IALIVE ; ISN'T IT ?
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★ Museum curation and Archaeology ⏩ ★ Ancient Egypt ⏩ ★ Ancient Persia ⏩ ★ Mesopotamian Religion ⏩ ★ Alexander the great and philip II ⏩ ★ Early Christianity ⏩ ★ Excavating Armageddon ⏩ ★ twelve great woman of ancient Persia ⏩ ★ woman in ancient Persia ⏩ ★ Egyptian Gods complete List ⏩ ★ clothes in Elizabeth Era ⏩ ★ Black Death ☠️ ⏩ ★ Mediaeval cures of Black Death ☠️ ⏩ ★ Egyptian Book of Dead ⏩ ★ Hadrian ⏩ ★ Gutians ⏩ ★ short history of Buddhist school ⏩ ★ Shang Dynasty ⏩ ★ Ancient Chinese philosophy ⏩ ★ Druids ⏩ ★ Ancient Egyptian Symbols ⏩ ★ Cleopatra VII ⏩ ★ Mediaeval Knights: 12 of the best ⏩ ★ Mittani ⏩ ★ How to read a Maya Glyphs ⏩ ★ Aryan ⏩ ★ Ancient India ⏩ ★ Feudalism ⏩ ★ Child Labour in the British Industrial Revolution ⏩ ★ Anne , Queen of Great Britain ⏩ ★ Hermes ⏩ ★ The Phoenician Alphabet & Language ⏩ ★ Ancient Greek Medicine ⏩ ★ woman in Ancient Greece ⏩ ★ Edinburgh castle ⏩ ★ Apollo ⏩ ★ Sisyphus ⏩ ★ woman in the Vikings age ⏩★ Athena ⏩ ★ Predynastic period in Egypt ⏩ ★ Mycenaean Civilization ⏩ ★ Underground Rome ⏩ ★ Kingdom of Nabatea ⏩ ★ Galatia ⏩ ★ shulgi of ur ⏩ ★ Hill of TARA ⏩ ★ police in ancient Egypt ⏩ ★ Minoan civilization ⏩ ★ Famous Female pharaoh's and Queens of Egypt ⏩ ★ Mesopotamia the rise of cities ⏩ ★ Saturnaliya ⏩ ★ Gilgamesh ⏩ ★ Early Dynastic period of Mesopotamia ⏩ ★ Dogs in Ancient Persia ⏩ ★ The King dom of Kush ⏩ ★ Ten ancient Mesopotamian facts ⏩ ★ Elam ⏩ ★ Commagene ⏩ ★ The Crusades - consequences & Effects ⏩ ★ Ten ancient Elam facts ⏩ ★ Nine Realms of Norse cosmology ⏩ ★ Clothes of mediaeval England ⏩ ★ Yin & Yong ⏩ ★ Sumerians ⏩ ★ Mahabharata ⏩ ★ Daily life in ancient Mesopotamia ⏩ ★ Dogs in ancient world ⏩ ★ Ergamenes ⏩ ★ Greek Mythology ⏩ ★ The life & Death of ancient cities ⏩ ★ Mehmed II ⏩ ★ Carthage ⏩ ★ An introduction to ancient Egypt ⏩ ★ Hercules ⏩ ★ Plagues & Pandemics in ancient & mediaeval world ⏩ ★ The Roman Empire: Rise & Fall ⏩ ★ Genocide of ancient world ⏩ ★ Religious responses to the Black Death ⏩ ★ seven wonders of the world ⏩ ★ Roman Expeditions in the Sub-Saharan Africa ⏩ ★ The Egyptian Cindrella stories ⏩ ★ Dating system: The origin & history of BCE / CE ⏩ ★ Mesopotamia ⏩ ★ A brief history of veterinary medicine ⏩ ★ A deep thinkers or military might ? Athens vs Sparta ⏩ ★ Roman household spirit manes panes & Lares ⏩ ★ Boccaccio on Black Death; Tex & Commentry
★ The Battle of Actium : Birth of an Empire ⏩ ★ Greek Alphabet ⏩ ★ Neolithic Period ⏩ ★ Alcibiades ⏩ ★ what is Rome's Legacy ? ⏩ ★ How did the Roman Republic begins ? ⏩ ★ How did Rome Fall ? ⏩ ★ How did Rome become an Empire? ⏩ ★ Persephone ⏩ ★ The Life of Hercules in Myth & Legend ⏩ ★ Etruscane civilization ⏩ ★ New King dom of Egypt ⏩ ★ Fall of the Western Roman Empire ⏩ ★ GAIUS JULIUS CAESAR ⏩ ★ The Vedas ⏩ ★ Indus Valley civilization ⏩ ★ Corpus Juris Civilis ⏩ ★ King Arthur ⏩ ★ Quipu ⏩ ★ Athenian Democracy ⏩ ★ Mediaeval Chivalry ⏩ ★ Mediaeval Knights ⏩ ★ Ragnar Lothbrok ⏩ ★ Sumer ⏩ ★ Inca civilization ⏩ ★ Viking Warfare ⏩ ★ Loki ⏩ ★ The Battle of Zama : Beginning of Roman conquest ⏩ ★ Thor ⏩ ★ Odin ⏩ ★ Norse Mythology ⏩ ★ Troy ⏩ ★ Lascaux cave ⏩ ★ Hanji ⏩ ★ Maya civilization ⏩ ★ Ancient Egypt ⏩ ★ Roman Religion ⏩ ★ Medusa ⏩ ★ Prometheus ⏩ ★ shapur I ⏩ ★ Enemies of Rome in The Third century ⏩ ★ Crisis of The Third Century ⏩ ★ Cnvia ⏩ ★ The Punic Wars ⏩ ★ scipio africanus the Elder ⏩ ★ Romulus & Remus ⏩ ★ Roman Architecture ⏩ ★ Hannibal Barca ⏩ ★ Cuneiform ⏩ ★ Battle of Arbitus ⏩ ★ The Barracks Emperors ⏩ ★ The ancient Egyptian writings ⏩ ★ The Silk Road ⏩ ★ The Seven wonders ⏩ ★ The Roman Empire ⏩ ★ The Religion of ancient world ⏩ ★ Mesopotamia ⏩ ★ Ancient Greek Religion ⏩ ★ Ancient Greek Government ⏩ ★ Greek Architecture ⏩ ★ Babylon ⏩ ★ Trade in ancient Greece ⏩ ★ Alexander THE Great ♦
Romans rule over Britain c.43 to 410 CE
Wars of Roses 🌹 1455-1487
English Civil Wars 1642-1651
Visual Galleries & Historical Artifacts =>⚕️
♦ A Gallery of 12 Roman Amphitheatres ♦ A Gallery of 25 Homes through History ♦ A Gallery of 30 Industrial Revolution Inventions ♦ A Gallery of 30 Influential Women from the Middle Ages ♦ A Gallery of 50 Renaissance Paintings ♦ A Gallery of Ancient African Art ♦ A Gallery of Ancient Japanese Pagodas ♦ A Gallery of Bling through the Ages ♦ A Gallery of Crowns Through the Ages ♦ A Gallery of Daily Life in Classical Antiquity ♦ A Gallery of Etruscan Art ♦ A Gallery of Fabergé Eggs ♦ A Gallery of Historical Maps ♦ A Gallery of Maya Cities ♦ A Gallery of Reconstructed Palaces ♦ Berthe Morisot: A Gallery of 30 Paintings ♦ Camille Pissarro: A Gallery of 30 Paintings ♦ Claude Monet: A Gallery of 30 Paintings ♦ Edgar Degas: A Gallery of 30 Paintings ♦ Edouard Manet: A Gallery of 30 Paintings ♦ Gallery of 25 Masks From the Ancient World ♦ Gallery of Chariots in the Ancient World ♦ Gallery of Elizabeth I Portraits ♦ Gallery of Greek Temples ♦ Gallery of the Chateaux of the Loire Valley ♦ Gustave Caillebotte: A Gallery of 30 Paintings ♦ A Gallery of Historical Swords From Around the World ♦ Martin Luther's 97 Theses ♦ Madhubani Paintings: People’s Living Cultural Heritage ♦ Magic Rings in Norse Mythology ♦ Mary Cassatt: A Gallery of 30 Paintings ♦ Medieval Knights: 12 of the Best ♦ Paul Cézanne: A Gallery of 30 Paintings ♦ Paul Gauguin: A Gallery of 30 Paintings ♦ Pierre-Auguste Renoir: A Gallery of 30 Paintings ♦ Queens of Ancient Egypt ♦ Reconstruction of Seven Ancient Archaeological Sites ♦ Reconstructions of Asian Castles ♦ Reconstructions of Medieval Castles & Fortifications ♦ Reconstructions of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World ♦ Reconstructions of UNESCO World Heritage Sites ♦ ★ Ten Commandments ♦ ★ The Forty-Two Judges & ★ Ma'at ♦ The Rise of the Holy Roman Empire in 4 Maps ♦ The Roman Empire in 10 Maps ♦ Twelve Great Women of Ancient Persia ♦ Twelve Gods of Persian Mythology ♦ Unsolved Ancient Mysteries ♦ Vincent van Gogh: A Gallery of 30 Paintings ♦ A Gallery of Visual Guide to Ancient Roman Gods & Heroes ♦ A Gallery of Visual Guide to Ancient Egyptian Gods ♦ A Gallery of Visual Chronology of Roman Emperors: Augustus to Constantine ♦ Zwingli's 67 Articles .
"Prehistoric Wonders: Videos ▶️ & Articles🔼 " "Discovering Prehistoric Realms"
,♣ (Altamira) cave art ▶️ , ♣ Rock drawings in valcamonica ▶️ , ♣ Stonehenge,avebury & associated sites ▶️ ,♣ Tower of Hercules ▶️ , ♣ Rock - art sites of Tradrart Acacus ▶️ , ♣ Monastery of Horezu ▶️ , ♣ Paleolithic cave art of Northern..... ▶️ , ♣ Ruins of the Buddhist vihara at Paharpur ▶️ , ♣ Brú na Bóinne- Archeological ensemble of the Bend of ......▶️ , ♣ Serra da capivara National park ▶️ , ♣ Urnes stave church ▶️ , ♣ Royal palaces of Abomey ▶️ , ♣ Heart of Neolithic Orknen ▶️ , ♣ Roman Walls of Lugo ▶️ , ♣ Studenica Monastery ▶️ , ♣ Crespi d'Adda ▶️ , ♣ Rock carvings in Tanum ▶️ , ♣ Venus of willendrof▶️ , ♣ Harp player Early Cycladic period ▶️ , ♣ Laocoöns & his sons▶️ , ♣ Contrapposto explained ▶️ , ♣ Myron,Discobolus▶️ , ♣ The classical orders▶️ , ♣ Botticelli's birth of Venus ▶️ , ♣ Linear perspective ▶️ , ♣ Lamassu from citadel of Sargon II▶️ , ♣ Baroque art▶️ , ♣ Ishtar gate and Processional way▶️ , ♣ Art Historical Analysis ▶️ , ♣ Bernini,Apollo,&Dophne ▶️ , ♣ Lion gate Mycenae c.1300-1250 ▶️ , ♣ Parthenon ▶️ , ♣ Standing male worshipper fron tell Asmar ▶️ , ♣ A relief from the Arch of Titus ▶️ , ♣ Temple of Hatshepsiut ▶️ , ♣ Attic Black Figure ▶️ , ♣ Charioteer of Delphi ▶️ , ♣ Alexander sarcophagus ▶️ , ♣ The Colossus of Constetine ▶️ , ♣
♣ Banpo Village 🔼 , ♣ Barnhouse Settlement 🔼 , ♣ Carnac 🔼 , ♣ Ceide Fields 🔼 , ♣ Chauvet cave 🔼 , ♣ Clava Cairns 🔼 , ♣ Denisovan 🔼 , ♣ Dolmen 🔼 , ♣ Dolmens of Ancient Korea 🔼 , ♣ Europe 🔼 , ♣ Göbekli Tepe 🔼 , ♣ Hill of Tara(Teamhair) 🔼 , ♣ Homo Floresiensis 🔼 , ♣ Homo Habilis🔼,♣ Homo Heidelbergensis 🔼,♣Homo Naledi 🔼,♣Homo Rudolfensis 🔼 , ♣ Homo Sapiens 🔼 , ♣ Knap of Howar 🔼 , ♣ Lascaux cave 🔼 , ♣ Legends of the Rollright Stones, Oxfordshire 🔼 , ♣ Lindow Man 🔼 , ♣ Locmariaquer 🔼 , ♣ Long Barrow 🔼 , ♣ Longmen Grottoes 🔼 , ♣ Lost Civilisations of Anatolia: Göbekli Tepe 🔼 , ♣ Maeshowe🔼 , ♣ Migration age 🔼 , ♣ Neanderthal 🔼 , ♣ Neolithic Period 🔼 , ♣Ness of Brodgar 🔼 , ♣ Newgrange 🔼 , ♣ Oldowan tools 🔼 , ♣ Poulnabrone 🔼 , ♣ Pre-Colonial North America🔼 , ♣ Predynastic Period in Egypt 🔼 , ♣ Prehistoric Alpine Stilt Houses 🔼 , ♣ Prehistoric Hunter-Gatherer Societies 🔼 , ♣ Prehistoric Isles of Scilly 🔼 , ♣ Rock Drawings of Valcamonica 🔼 , ♣ Stonehenge 🔼 , ♣ Skara Brae 🔼 , ♣ The Dolmens of Sicily🔼 , ♣ The Meaning of European Upper Paleolithic Rock Art 🔼 , ♣The Megalithic Funerary Art of San Agustín🔼 , ♣The Megalithic Temples of Malta🔼 , ♣ The Neanderthal-Sapiens Connection🔼 , ♣ The Stonehenge Burials🔼 , ♣ The Sweet Track 🔼 ,♣ Venus Figurine🔼 , ♣ Woolly Mammoth🔼 , ♣
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Tandem mass spectrometry,
Tandem mass spectrometry, also known as MS/MS or MS2, is a technique in instrumental analysis where two or more stages of analysis using one or more mass analyzer are performed with an additional reaction step in between these analyses to increase their abilities to analyse chemical samples. A common use of tandem MS is the analysis of biomolecules, such as proteins and peptides.teins and peptides.
The molecules of a given sample are ionized and the first spectrometer (designated MS1) separates these ions by their mass-to-charge ratio (often given as m/z or m/Q). Ions of a particular m/z-ratio coming from MS1 are selected and then made to split into smaller fragment ions, e.g. by collision-induced dissociation, ion-molecule reaction, or photodissociation. These fragments are then introduced into the second mass spectrometer (MS2), which in turn separates the fragments by their m/z-ratio and detects them. The fragmentation step makes it possible to identify and separate ions that have very similar m/z-ratios in regular mass spectrometers.
Structure :- Typical tandem mass spectrometry instrumentation setups include triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (QqQ), multi-sector mass spectrometer, ion trap, quadrupole–time of flight (Q-TOF), Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR), and hybrid mass spectrometers.
Photo dissociation :- The energy required for dissociation can be added by photon absorption, resulting in ion photo dissociation.
1) Infrared multiphoton dissociation (IRMPD) :- Infrared photons will heat the ions and cause dissociation if enough of them are absorbed. This process is called infrared multiphoton dissociation (IRMPD) and is often accomplished with a carbon dioxide laser and an ion trapping mass spectrometer such as a FTMS.
2) Blackbody infrared radiative dissociation (BIRD) :- Blackbody radiation can be used for photodissociation in a technique known as blackbody infrared radiative dissociation (BIRD). In the BIRD method, the entire mass spectrometer vacuum chamber is heated to create infrared light. BIRD uses this radiation to excite increasingly more energetic vibrations of the ions, until a bond breaks, creating fragments. This is similar to infrared multiphoton dissociation which also uses infrared light, but from a different source. BIRD is most often used with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry.
3) Surface-induced dissociation ($ID) :- With surface-induced dissociation (SID), the fragmentation is a result of the collision of an ion with a surface under high vacuum. Today, SID is used to fragment a wide range of ions. Years ago, it was only common to use SID on lower mass, singly charged species because ionization methods and mass analyzer technologies weren't advanced enough to properly form, transmit, or characterize ions of high m/z. Over time, self-assembled monolayer surfaces (SAMs) composed of CF3(CF2)10CH2CH2S on gold have been the most prominently used collision surfaces for SID in a tandem spectrometer. SAMs have acted as the most desirable collision targets due to their characteristically large effective masses for the collision of incoming ions. Additionally, these surfaces are composed of rigid fluorocarbon chains, which don't significantly dampen the energy of the projectile ions. The fluorocarbon chains are also beneficial because of their ability to resist facile electron transfer from the metal surface to the incoming ions. SID's ability to produce subcomplexes that remain stable and provide valuable information on connectivity is unmatched by any other dissociation technique. Since the complexes produced from SID are stable and retain distribution of charge on the fragment, this produces a unique, spectra which the complex centers around a narrower m/z distribution. The SID products and the energy at which they form are reflective of the strengths and topology of the complex. The unique dissociation patterns help discover the Quaternary structure of the complex. The symmetric charge distribution and dissociation dependence are unique to SID and make the spectra produced distinctive from any other dissociation technique.
The SID technique is also applicable to ion-mobility mass spectrometry (IM-MS). Three different methods for this technique include analyzing the characterization of topology, intersubunit connectivity, and the degree of unfolding for protein structure. Analysis of protein structure unfolding is the most commonly used application of the SID technique. For Ion-mobility mass spectrometry (IM-MS), SID is used for dissociation of the source activated precursors of three different types of protein complexes: C-reactive protein (CRP), transthyretin (TTR), and concanavalin A (Con A). This method is used to observe the unfolding degree for each of these complexes. For this observation, SID showed the precursor ions' structures that exist before the collision with the surface. IM-MS utilizes the SID as a direct measure of the conformation for each proteins' subunit.
Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) are able to provide ultrahigh resolution and high mass accuracy to instruments that take mass measurements. These features make FTICR mass spectrometers a useful tool for a wide variety of applications such as several dissociation experiments such as collision-induced dissociation (CID, electron transfer dissociation (ETD), and others.
🪅 Quantitative proteomics is used to determine the relative or absolute amount of proteins in a sample.
An isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) is a reagent for tandem mass spectrometry that is used to determine the amount of proteins from different sources in a single experiment. It uses stable isotope labeled molecules that can form a covalent bond with the N-terminus and side chain amines of proteins. The iTRAQ reagents are used to label peptides from different samples that are pooled and analyzed by liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. The fragmentation of the attached tag generates a low molecular mass reporter ion that can be used to relatively quantify the peptides and the proteins from which they originated. (1)Tandem mass tag (TMT) :- A tandem mass tag (TMT) is an isobaric mass tag chemical label used for protein quantification and identification. The tags contain four regions: mass reporter, cleavable linker, mass normalization, and protein reactive group. TMT reagents can be used to simultaneously analyze 2 to 11 different peptide samples prepared from cells, tissues or biological fluids. Recent developments allow up to 16 and even 18 samples (16plex or 18plex respectively) to be analyzed. Three types of TMT reagents are available with different chemical reactivities: (1) a reactive NHS ester functional group for labeling primary amines (TMTduplex, TMTsixplex, TMT10plex plus TMT11-131C), (2) a reactive iodoacetyl functional group for labeling free sulfhydryls (iodoTMT) and (3) reactive alkoxyamine functional group for labeling of carbonyls (aminoxyTMT).
(2) Multiplexed DIA (plexDIA) :- The progress in data independent acquisition (DIA) enabled multiplexed quantitative proteomics with non-isobaric mass tags and a new method called plexDIA introduced in 2021. This new approach increases the number of data points by parallelizing both samples and peptides, thus achieving multiplicative gains. plexDIA is applicable to both bulk and single-cell samples and is particularly powerful for single-cell proteomics. Application 1) Tandem mass spectrometry can be used for protein sequencing. When intact proteins are introduced to a mass analyzer, this is called "top-down proteomics" and when proteins are digested into smaller peptides and subsequently introduced into the mass spectrometer, this is called "bottom-up proteomics". 2) Oligosaccharides may be sequenced using tandem mass spectrometry in a similar manner to peptide sequencing. 3) Oligonucleotides :- Tandem mass spectrometry has been applied to DNA and RNA sequencing. 4) Newborn screening is the process of testing newborn babies for treatable genetic, endocrinologic, metabolic and hematologic diseases. 5) Small molecule analysis.
Tandem mass spectrometry will be a useful tool for protein characterization, nucleoprotein complexes, and other biological structures.
De Natura Deorum (On the Nature of the Gods)
De Natura Deorum (On the Nature of the Gods) is a philosophical dialogue by Roman Academic Skeptic philosopher Cicero written in 45 BC. It is laid out in three books that discuss the theological views of the Hellenistic philosophies of Epicureanism , Stoicism, and Academic Skepticism. De Natura Deorum belongs to the group of philosophical works which Cicero wrote in the two years preceding his death in 43 BC. He states near the beginning of De Natura Deorum that he wrote them both as a relief from the political inactivity to which he was reduced by the supremacy of Julius Caesar, and as a distraction from the grief caused by the death of his daughter Tullia.
The dialogue is on the whole narrated by Cicero himself, though he does not play an active part in the discussion. Gaius Velleius represents the Epicurean school, Quintus Lucilius Balbus argues for the Stoics, and Gaius Cotta speaks for Cicero's own Academic Skepticism. The first book of the dialogue contains Cicero's introduction, Velleius' case for the Epicurean theology and Cotta's criticism of Epicureanism. Book II focuses on Balbus' explanation and defense of Stoic theology. Book III lays out Cotta's criticism of Balbus' claims. Cicero's conclusions are ambivalent and muted, "a strategy of civilized openness"; he does, however, conclude that Balbus' claims, in his mind, more nearly approximate the truth (3.95).
🪽Book 1 :- In Book 1 Cicero visits the house of Cotta the Pontifex Maximus, where he finds Cotta with Velleius, who is a Senator and Epicurean, and Balbus, who is a supporter of the Stoics. Cotta himself is an Academic Skeptic, and he informs Cicero that they were discoursing on the nature of the gods. Velleius had been stating the sentiments of Epicurus upon the subject. Velleius is requested to go on with his arguments after recapitulating what he had already said. The discourse of Velleius consists of three parts: (1) a general attack on Platonist and Stoic cosmology; (2) a historical review of the earlier philosophers; (3) and an exposition of Epicurean theology. Velleius raises the difficulty of supposing the creation of the universe to have taken place at a particular period of time, and questions the possible motive of a God in undertaking the work. The historical section (10–15), is full of inaccuracies and misstatements, of which it is likely that Cicero himself was ignorant, since he has Cotta later praise this account. The purpose however is for Velleius to show that the Epicurean idea of God as a perfectly happy, eternal being, possessed of reason, and in human form, is the only tenable one, and the other differing opinions is regarded as proof of their worthlessness. In the remainder of the book, Cotta attacks the positions of Velleius with regard to the form of the gods, and their exemption from creation and providence.🪶
🪽 Book 2 :- In Book 2, Balbus gives the Stoics' position on the subject of the gods. He alludes to the magnificence of the world, and the prevalence of belief, and refers to the frequent appearance of the gods themselves in history. After referring to the practice of divination, Balbus proceeds to the "four causes" of Cleanthes as to how the idea of the gods is implanted in the minds of people: (1) a pre-knowledge of future events; (2) the great advantages we enjoy from nature; (3) the terror with which the mind is affected by thunder, tempests, and the like; (4) and the order and regularity in the universe. Balbus further contends that the world, or universe itself, and its parts, are possessed of reason and wisdom. He finally discusses the creation of the world, the providence of the gods, and denies "that a world, so beautifully adorned, could be formed by chance, or by a fortuitous concourse of atoms." The problem of how to account for the presence of misery and disaster in a world providentially governed (the so-called "problem of evil") is only hurriedly touched upon at the end of the book. 🪶
🪽 Book 3 :- In book 3 Cotta refutes the doctrines of Balbus. A large portion of this book, probably more than one third, has been lost. Cotta represents the appearances of gods as idle tales. There follows a gap in the text, following which Cotta attacks the four causes of Cleanthes. Cotta refutes the Stoic ideas on reason attributed to the universe and its parts. Ten chapters (16–25) are devoted to a disproportionately lengthy discussion of mythology, with examples multiplied to an inordinate extent. There follows another major gap in the text, at the end of which Cotta is seen attacking the doctrine of providential care for humans. Cicero states "The conversation ended here, and we parted. Velleius judged that the arguments of Cotta were the truest, but those of Balbus seemed to me to have the greater probability.". .......................................
Rene Descartes :- In the fifth Meditation, Descartes presents a version of the ontological argument which is founded on the possibility of thinking the "idea of a being that is supremely perfect and infinite," and suggests that "of all the ideas that are in me, the idea that I have of God is the most true, the most clear and distinct."
