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Mysterious & Historical Locations -articles, audio, video, podcasts, gallary of ancient maps & more   : -     Acrostic sonnet 

⚠️ All Religion Disclaimer ⚠️

⚠️ All Religion Disclaimer ⚠️

Religion mis-order-ed: ● Book ▪︎ 01 ▪︎ 02 

Buddhism: ● Audio: ▪︎ 01 ● Video ▪︎ 01 ● Presentation: ▪︎ 01 ▪︎ 02 ● Flashcards: ▪︎ 01 ▪︎ 02 FAQ: ▪︎ 01 ▪︎ 02 ● Still shorts ▪︎ 01 ● Blogs: ▪︎ 01▪︎ 02 ■ Source file: ▪︎ 01 ● YT:Ch:▪︎ 01 ▪︎ 01"

Judaism: ● Audio: ▪︎ 01 ● Video ▪︎ 01 ● Presentation: ▪︎ 01 ● Flashcards: ▪︎ 01 ▪︎ 02 FAQ: ▪︎ 01 ▪︎ 02 ● Still shorts ▪︎ 01 ● Blogs: ▪︎ 01▪︎ 02 ■ Source file: ▪︎ 01 ● YT:Ch:▪︎ 01 ▪︎ 01"

Hinduism: ● Audio: ▪︎ 01 ● Video ▪︎ 01 ● Presentation: ▪︎ 01 ● Flashcards: ▪︎ 01 ▪︎ 02 FAQ: ▪︎ 01 ▪︎ 02 ● Still shorts ▪︎ 01 ● Blogs: ▪︎ 01▪︎ 02 ■ Source file: ▪︎ 01● YT:Ch:▪︎ 01 ▪︎ 01"

Jainism: ● Audio: ▪︎ 01 ● Video ▪︎ 01 ● Presentation: ▪︎ 01 ● Flashcards: ▪︎ 01 ▪︎ 02 FAQ: ▪︎ 01 ▪︎ 02 ● Still shorts ▪︎ 01 ● Blogs: ▪︎ 01▪︎ 02 ■ Source file: ▪︎ 01● YT:Ch:▪︎ 01 ▪︎ 01"

Christianity: ● Audio: ▪︎ 01 ● Video ▪︎ 01 ● Presentation: ▪︎ 01 ● Flashcards: ▪︎ 01 ▪︎ 02 FAQ: ▪︎ 01 ▪︎ 02 ● Still shorts ▪︎ 01 ● Blogs: ▪︎ 01▪︎ 02 ■ Source file: ▪︎ 01● YT:Ch:▪︎ 01 ▪︎ 01"

Islam: ● Audio: ▪︎ 01 ● Video ▪︎ 01 ● Presentation: ▪︎ 01 ● Flashcards: ▪︎ 01 ▪︎ 02 FAQ: ▪︎ 01 ▪︎ 02 ● Still shorts ▪︎ 01 ● Blogs: ▪︎ 01▪︎ 02 ■ Source file: ▪︎ 01● YT:Ch:▪︎ 01 ▪︎ 01"

Sikhism: ● Audio: ▪︎ 01 ● Video ▪︎ 01 ● Presentation: ▪︎ 01 ● Flashcards: ▪︎ 01 ▪︎ 02 FAQ: ▪︎ 01 ▪︎ 02 ● Still shorts ▪︎ 01 ● Blogs: ▪︎ 01▪︎ 02 ■ Source file: ▪︎ 01● YT:Ch:▪︎ 01 ▪︎ 01"

Zoroastrianism: ● Audio: ▪︎ 01 ● Video ▪︎ 01 ● Presentation: ▪︎ 01 ● Flashcards: ▪︎ 01 ▪︎ 02 FAQ: ▪︎ 01 ▪︎ 02 ● Still shorts ▪︎ 01 ● Blogs: ▪︎ 01▪︎ 02Source file: ▪︎ 01● YT:Ch:▪︎ 01 ▪︎ 01"

Shintoism: ● Audio: ▪︎ 01 ● Video ▪︎ 01 ● Presentation: ▪︎ 01 ● Flashcards: ▪︎ 01 ▪︎ 02 FAQ: ▪︎ 01 ▪︎ 02 ● Still shorts ▪︎ 01 ● Blogs: ▪︎ 01▪︎ 02Source file: ▪︎ 01● YT:Ch:▪︎ 01 ▪︎ 01"




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             "Unraveling the Mystery of Nema" "Exploring Neo - seepism (ubiquitous) and Language"

    " BINGO ! FIND HIS$ NEMA " HECK$ NEOLOGISM OOZE

HEARSAY DODDLE BOW , UFORTUNATELY MINDLESS OF ANIMISM RATHER NICETY STRIDENT GLOBULE TOE ;

ASSIDUOUS DODDLE BOW , REVITALIZE THAT REPARATION THE ENVIRONMENT GLOBULE TOE ;

MUNDANE ANIMALITY DOODLE BOW, DEBILITY EMBODY INTUITIVE GLOBULE TOE ;

GALLOWS HUMOUR DODDLE BOW , OVERGEALOUS DESPOILED IN SPAN OF GLOBULE TOE ;

LAG INTRASIGENT DODDLE BOW , KINGPIN ESPLANADE NEXT TO NO GO AREA A SOOTH SAYER GLOBULE TOE ;

PINNA RATHER ACHILLIES HILL DODDLE BOW , AS RUDDY TAN INSTEAD OF BLISTER A TAG INFRACTION VANDAL EX- GRATIA GLOBULE TOE

SOLITUDE DODDLE BOW , TRANSIT RAFFISH INCONSTANT AS A GAMEBALL TO EMOLLIENT AND NASCENT TIMBRE GLOBULE TOE ;

FLOG A DEAD HORSE DODDLE BOW , ERODED TOP UP CONDIDENCE AND INCIDENCE STUB HINDSIGHT GLOBULE TOE ;

APPRISE STRING ARM DODDLE BOW , TACIT HAMPER ENNUI RISE UP LIMPID EXPERTISE TO GLOBUL TOE ;

JUMP THROUGH HOOPS (Leapfrog) ASPIRANTS DODDLE BOW , ESCHEW ESCAPEMENT AS NEPOTISM GLOBULE TOE ;

BRIC-N-BRAC OBSCENE DODDLE BOW , KEN ENAMOUR TO THE NEXT DOOR GLOBULE TOE ;

INFER SAG DODDLE BOW , PONCE IRE REVULTIONS INFECT TEENAGER GLOBULE TOE ;

INCURSION FROSTBITE DODDLE BOW , NUMBNESS OVERPLAY YOUR HAND FOR TITIBATING GLOBULE TOE ;

IMPROPEIETY NATIVE DODDLE BOW , LET-UP ERGO TOMFOOLARY TONGUE-TIED EQUIVOCAL RILE SOT GLOBULE TOE

ACROSTIC PARAGRAPH - 

          " HUMANS ARE MADE IN GOD'S LIKENESS , PARTITIVE STRINGENT , FETISH ; AS THE RULE HAD - BEEN BROKEN IN SPIRIT IF NOT IN LETTERS . " 

                      by    WISHAL JAIN 

                      " HYDR'O'XY'GEN' "

⚠️ D    🔏⚠️

NASA reveals new images from Hubble and webb telescopes....1. Pismis 24. 2. GN 04.32.28 a blue reflection in taurus. 3. NGC 6284. A visual feast of galaxies. 5. The Butterfly Star. 6. NGC 460. 7. NGC 1333 8. Cigar galaxy M82 9. Cat's Paw Nebula 10. Saggitarius B2. 11. The Hidden Heart of Lyra. UGC 11397 . 12. Pillars of Creation. 13. Sombrero galaxy . 14.Tarantula Nebula.15. Ted Spiral Nebula. 16. NGC 1068. 17. N11. 18. Bullet Cluster. 19. Cassiopeia A. 20. A gallaxy group in many lights......

¤ 3I/Atlas Interstellar Visitor fastest co.et ever recorded. Images 01) , 02) , 03) , 04)

¤ The first unknown interstellar Visitor is an Oddball. 1I / Oumuamua . Images 01) , 02) , 03) , 04) 

¤ 2I / Borisov. Images 01) , 02) , 03), 04) , 05)

¤ C / 2019 Y4. Images 01) , 02)               

¤ Cassini's Grand Finale, 15 september 2017 End of Mission 

★ LTT 9779 b with Albido [Day & Night Contrast , high Mirror reflectiveness] of 0.731 ± 0.11 % & Metallic atmosphere of Iron,Titanium and Silicon (creates Clouds of Titanium & Glass) in gas form , Images 01 , 02 


★ DD : Disclaimerized Depiction ; ★   FINDING NEMA Missing in Red / Black Sea of Milky way.🦆 Guillin :- Animal that attract and deliver their  breath more strongly. 🦆 Lubbock :- Colour ,scent, and honey are the three charecteristics by which insects are  attracted to the flowers . 🦆 Burton :- Attraction is a ministering faculty , which as a loadstone doth with iron , draws meat into the stomach or as a lamp does oil. 🦆 Scoffern :- Attraction , which is effective only at insensible distances ..has been called contiguous attraction 🎮  H. More songs of soul :- The nearer you place lead to the centre , the swifter the Ballance moves. 🎮 Lockhart Scott :- ' Balaam ' is the can't name for asinine about monstrous productions , of nature and the like, kept standing in type to be used whenever the real news of the day leave an awkard space that must be filled up somehow. 🦃 Balaam :- 	A non-Israelite prophet in the Hebrew Bible, known for blessing Israel against his employer's wishes and for an encounter with a talking donkey • God used Balaam to pronounce blessings on Israel (Old Testament) Adam's wife in Judeo-Christian mythology: the first woman and mother of the human race;

★ DD : Disclaimerized Depiction ; ★ FINDING NEMA Missing in Red / Black Sea of Milky way.🦆 Guillin :- Animal that attract and deliver their breath more strongly. 🦆 Lubbock :- Colour ,scent, and honey are the three charecteristics by which insects are attracted to the flowers . 🦆 Burton :- Attraction is a ministering faculty , which as a loadstone doth with iron , draws meat into the stomach or as a lamp does oil. 🦆 Scoffern :- Attraction , which is effective only at insensible distances ..has been called contiguous attraction 🎮 H. More songs of soul :- The nearer you place lead to the centre , the swifter the Ballance moves. 🎮 Lockhart Scott :- ' Balaam ' is the can't name for asinine about monstrous productions , of nature and the like, kept standing in type to be used whenever the real news of the day leave an awkard space that must be filled up somehow. 🦃 Balaam :- A non-Israelite prophet in the Hebrew Bible, known for blessing Israel against his employer's wishes and for an encounter with a talking donkey • God used Balaam to pronounce blessings on Israel (Old Testament) Adam's wife in Judeo-Christian mythology: the first woman and mother of the human race; "🦆GOD CREATED EVE FROM ADAM'S RIB 🦆" and placed Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden.

Unvoiced , unnoticed , unconsidered :-   

★ Tropisms can be regarded by ethologists as taxis (directional response) or kinesis (non-directional response).

‡ Christina revealed in her autobiography that she felt "an insurmountable distaste for marriage" and "for all the things that females talked about and did." She once stated, "It takes more courage to marry than to go to war."

🦆 Blue stockings :- The central virtue is the basis of all morality in a Sentence or in a sWords.

‡ Christina, the Queen of Sweden 

🦆 "Give me the splendid silent sun with all his beams full-dazzling!' (Walt Whitman, "Give Me the Splendid Silent Sun")

🌞 The phrase "the empire on which the sun never sets" (Spanish: el imperio donde nunca se pone el sol) has been used to describe certain global empires that were so territorially extensive that it seemed as though it was always daytime in at least one part of their territory.

The concept of an empire ruling all lands where the sun shines dates back to the Egyptians, the Mesopotamians, the Persians, and the Romans. In its modern form, it was first used for the Habsburg Empire of Charles V, who, as Duke of Burgundy, King of Spain, Archduke of Austria, and Holy Roman Emperor, attempted to build a universal monarchy. The term was then used for the Spanish Empire under Philip II and his successors, when it reached a global territorial size, particularly in the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries. It was also used for the British Empire, mainly in the 19th and early 20th centuries, a period in which it reached a global territorial size. In the late 20th century, the phrase was sometimes adapted to refer to the global reach of American power.

† ​A Simple Visit of Courtesy:

​Any disturbances, such as landslides or sonic explosions—whose echoes are deemed as unlucky as the thirteenth—are not permitted the privilege of such familiarity. For whomsoever it may concern: familiarity breeds contempt, especially as the years consist of twelve months on the Nine-Month Side.   ​— The Queen of Sheba

🦆 Despised, if ugly; if she's fair, betrayed.

— Mary Leapor, "Essay on Woman" (1751)

🪷 Newcomb's paradox: How do you play a game against an omniscient (infinitely wise) opponent?   ubiquitously.

Exploration of Unexplained Phenomena: 

🔏⚠️   Proposing   JACOB STAFF   for   Echolocating 🧙‍♀️ She as " Her Hat  🤠 Cost The  Earth .

                                                    🌜 Moon

                         |                         🌎 EARTH

                       |               /                  🌞 SUN 

                      |           / 

          💫🌌💫/

                    |     /

                   |  /

                🌟      (Shiner Star)

                 |(15 Lightyears4•615 Parsec 

                |   From Earth)

              |  

 💫🌌💫  ( Galaxy)

              |

            |

Glossy belittled :- GENOMIC LAND OF 🦄🦄🦄 's SHINER ( Nemesis 🌟)🐴🐴🐴 ' s AS CENTRE OF GRAVITY OF DOUBLE HELICES (HELIXES) EXSPATIARY OF DISTRICTUS HELICES SCORED K - PARSEC .                        Nemesis red dwarf or brown dwarf : some astronomers believe the Sun was indeed born as a binary. Under this view, Nemesis was a "long-lost twin" that separated from the Sun billions of years ago and now drifts elsewhere in the Milky Way. At its furthest point (aphelion), it would be roughly 95,000 AU (about 1.5 light-years) away from the Sun.

And of course , " it's my life "  , presently in N.O. at fixed Modulated Amplitude 5' 8" as measured Starkly from Alma Canter Staff, & outsiders broadcasting sow or supreme blessing but Gender Specific.

 • The pilot was instructed to squawk  7700 (Radio Identification) to indicate  an emergency.

• The doctor performed a version to  position the baby for a safer birth.

🧙‍♀️ Decision-making paradox: Selecting the best decision-making method is a decision problem in itself.

★ #@ Gloss belittled  :-  Asternal fact check starky or not on the internal or external side.  ★

🧙‍♀️ Moseley Astrom. :- Knowing the right ascension & declination of a star , we know it's exact position in the great sphere of the heavens.

🧙‍♀️ Every star in heaven ....is colonis'd & replanish'd with astrean ( belonging to stars ) inhabitants.           by Howell

🧙‍♀️ Who could.... as the Alchymists professed to do.... distil you an 'Astral Spirit' ( that lives in heavenly bodies, as fallen angels, souls of dead men,& spirits originating in fire.) from the Ashes.     by Carlyle Sterling

🧙‍♀️ Neither Astral spirits nor angel can prevail against one ray of the deity.

    H.More 'Songs of the Souls' Notes

🧙‍♀️ The glow of an Astral lamp was penetrating mistily through the white curtain.            by  Howthorne Blithed

⚠️ D      🔏⚠️            ---------

Enūma Eliš (Akkadian Cuneiform: , also spelled "Enuma Elish"), meaning "When on High", is a " BABYLONIAN CREATION MYTH " (named after its opening words) from the late 2nd millennium BCE and the only complete surviving account of ancient near eastern cosmology. Enūma Eliš has about a thousand lines and is recorded in Akkadian on seven clay tablets, each holding between 115 and 170 lines of Sumero-Akkadian cuneiform script. Most of Tablet V has never been recovered, Over the seven tablets, it describes the creation of the world, a battle between gods focused on the offering to Marduk, the creation of man destined for the service of the Mesopotamian deities, and it ends with a long passage praising Marduk.

🧙‍♀️ Tablet 1 :-  " When on high the heaven had not been named,

Firm ground below had not been called by name,

Naught but primordial Apsu, their begetter,

(And) Mummu*–Tiamat, she who bore them all, Their waters commingling as a single body;

No reed hut had been matted, no marsh land had appeared,

When no gods whatever had been brought into being,

Uncalled by name, their destinies undetermined—

Then it was that the gods were formed within them."

🧙‍♀️ Tablet 4 :- Marduk was given a throne, and sat over the other gods, who honored him. :- 

" Lord, truly thy decree is first among gods.

Say but to wreck or create; it shall be.

Open thy mouth: the Images will vanish!

Speak again, and the Images shall be whole! "

(Other gods speak to Marduk) 

🧙‍♀️ Tablet 6 :- Marduk then spoke to Ea, saying he would use his own blood to create man, and that man would serve the gods. Ea advised one of the gods be chosen as a sacrifice; the Igigi advised that Kingu be chosen. His blood was then used to create man. :- 

" Construct Babylon, whose building you have requested,

Let its brickwork be fashioned. You shall name it 'The Sanctuary'. "

(Marduk commands the other gods, the Anunnaki).

⚠️🔏   🌴 Latitude 18.788688,  ; Longitude 98.9878889; Hanging Gardens of babylon 3min./1.2 km  from Ishtar gate Iraq🌲

                " Photo - Tropism "     

                                                         ⚠️🔏

★ DD : Disclaimerized Depiction ; ★     THE TOWER🗼OF BABEL,STILL IALIVE ; ISN'T IT ?

★ DD : Disclaimerized Depiction ; ★ THE TOWER🗼OF BABEL,STILL IALIVE ; ISN'T IT ?

🔏⚠️   "Historical Investigations: Uncovering the Truth" "Exploring Historical Inquiries and Discoveries"   Query 🚨👷

⚠️🔏    The unexplained ▶️ ,  Dengerous Truth▶️ Deep Sea Horrors▶️ ,  Shocking Creatures  Tryth or Legends▶️  ,   Eyewitness accounts Paranormal▶️ ,            Sunken Cities ▶️ Unexplained Phenomenon▶️ , Skylights ▶️, Portals to another dimension ▶️ , Mystery Animals ▶️ , Paranormal En⏱️▶️ , Alien Encounter ▶️ , What is that ▶️ , Alien Evidence ▶️ , Big FOOT 👣 Realm ▶️ , Creepy Creatures▶️ , Supernaturals ▶️ , Tesla Secrets ▶️ , Is Time Travel ▶️


Ptolemaic Dynasty▶️Ancient Persia▶️Roman Mythology▶️, Ancient Egypt ▶️Book of Dead▶️, Hatshepsut ▶️ ,Rossetta stone ▶️ , Bastet▶️ , Egyptian woman▶️ , Shabti dolls▶️ ,The hitties▶️ , Ramesses the Great ▶️ ,Sets▶️ , Egypt vs Mesopotamia▶️ ,Mummification▶️ , gold trade WAf▶️Introduction to ancient Egypt ▶️ , Female Pharaohs▶️ ,The great Pyramid of Giza ▶️ , Julio Claudian Dynasty ▶️  ,  Tower of London ▶️ , Mahabharat ▶️ , Seikilos song▶️ , Hypatia of Alexandria ▶️Indus Valley▶️ , Christianity in Rome ▶️ , Hecate  ▶️ , Ancient Astronomy ▶️ ,Athens vs Sparta▶️ , The Sumerians ▶️Mythology around the world▶️,Ancient near East▶️ , Saturnalia▶️Anatolia▶️, Global Pyramid▶️ , The Crusades▶️, Plague &Pandemics▶️Rome war strategy▶️, Babylon▶️Coneiform▶️, Winter solstice▶️, Egyptian Symbols ▶️European Feudalism ▶️, SAPHHO of lasbos▶️, GreekComedy ▶️ , Etruscan civilization ▶️ , Ancient Ionia▶️ Callimachus of cyrene▶️, Byzantium▶️Ancient UAE▶️, Forgotten Tudors▶️Roman Slavery▶️, Rome: republic to empire▶️, The Ocarina▶️ ,Henry VIII▶️The Scythians▶️ , Mary Queen Of Scots▶️Salt trade of west Africa▶️ , five good Emperors of Rome▶️, Greek Tragedy ▶️Fall of Rome▶️ , Wars of Roses▶️ Minoans & Myceneans▶️, Library of Alexandria▶️, Fullers of Rome ▶️,7 wonders of ancient world ▶️Alexander the great & Hellenization▶️The Silk Road▶️ ,Punic wars Rome vs Carthage▶️, Greek magic & Sorceresses▶️ Pax romana▶️ , Epic of Gilgamesh ▶️The Aneid epic Roman poem ▶️ Phoenicians ▶️ ,Ariadne,Theseus & Minotaur▶️, Orpheus & Euridice▶️,Artemis▶️, Aphrodite▶️ , Ares▶️ Oracles of Greece▶️, Medusa▶️ , Helen of Troy▶️, Athenian Parthenon,Agora & Acropolis▶️, Vesta & Vestal Vergins ▶️Demeter▶️, The lliad & Trojan War▶️12 Olympian Gods▶️, The Odyssey▶️ Julia Domna▶️ ,Greek sculptures ▶️,  Battle of Issus 333 BCE ▶️, virtual Rome ▶️ , West African salt trade ▶️ , The life and death of Mary Queens of Scots ▶️ ,The war of roses causes & consequences ▶️

⚠️🔏

1) WORLD  HISTORY MAPS 🗺️☾      ⚠️🔏

2) WORLD  HISTORY MAPS 🗺️☾      ⚠️🔏 

⚠️🔏

"Shorts Collection: Bite-Sized Content" "Engaging Short Reads for All"

 Visual Galleries & Historical Artifacts =>⚕️

♦ A Gallery of 12 Roman Amphitheatres  ♦ A Gallery of 25 Homes through History  ♦ A Gallery of 30 Industrial Revolution Inventions ♦ A Gallery of 30 Influential Women from the Middle Ages ♦ A Gallery of 50 Renaissance Paintings ♦ A Gallery of Ancient African Art ♦  A Gallery of Ancient Japanese Pagodas ♦ A Gallery of Bling through the Ages ♦ A Gallery of Crowns Through the Ages ♦ A Gallery of Daily Life in Classical Antiquity ♦ A Gallery of Etruscan Art ♦ A Gallery of Fabergé Eggs ♦ A Gallery of Historical Maps ♦ A Gallery of Maya Cities ♦ A Gallery of Reconstructed Palaces ♦ Berthe Morisot: A Gallery of 30 Paintings ♦ Camille Pissarro: A Gallery of 30 Paintings ♦ Claude Monet: A Gallery of 30 Paintings ♦ Edgar Degas: A Gallery of 30 Paintings ♦ Edouard Manet: A Gallery of 30 Paintings ♦ Gallery of 25 Masks From the Ancient World ♦ Gallery of Chariots in the Ancient World ♦  Gallery of Elizabeth I Portraits ♦ Gallery of Greek Temples ♦ Gallery of the Chateaux of the Loire Valley ♦ Gustave Caillebotte: A Gallery of 30 Paintings ♦ A Gallery of Historical Swords From Around the World ♦ Martin Luther's 97 Theses ♦ Madhubani Paintings: People’s Living Cultural Heritage ♦ Magic Rings in Norse Mythology ♦ Mary Cassatt: A Gallery of 30 Paintings ♦ Medieval Knights: 12 of the Best ♦ Paul Cézanne: A Gallery of 30 Paintings ♦ Paul Gauguin: A Gallery of 30 Paintings ♦ Pierre-Auguste Renoir: A Gallery of 30 Paintings ♦ Queens of Ancient Egypt ♦ Reconstruction of Seven Ancient Archaeological Sites ♦ Reconstructions of Asian Castles ♦ Reconstructions of Medieval Castles & Fortifications ♦ Reconstructions of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World ♦ Reconstructions of UNESCO World Heritage Sites ♦ ★ Ten Commandments  ♦ ★ The Forty-Two Judges & ★ Ma'at  ♦ The Rise of the Holy Roman Empire in 4 Maps ♦ The Roman Empire in 10 Maps ♦ Twelve Great Women of Ancient Persia ♦ Twelve Gods of Persian Mythology ♦ Unsolved Ancient Mysteries ♦ Vincent van Gogh: A Gallery of 30 Paintings ♦ A Gallery of Visual Guide to Ancient Roman Gods & Heroes ♦ A Gallery of Visual Guide to Ancient Egyptian Gods ♦ A Gallery of Visual Chronology of Roman Emperors: Augustus to Constantine ♦ Zwingli's 67 Articles .

De Natura Deorum (On the Nature of the Gods)

De Natura Deorum (On the Nature of the Gods)

De Natura Deorum (On the Nature of the Gods) is a philosophical dialogue by Roman Academic Skeptic philosopher Cicero written in 45 BC. It is laid out in three books that discuss the theological views of the Hellenistic philosophies  of Epicureanism ,  Stoicism, and Academic Skepticism. De Natura Deorum belongs to the group of philosophical works which Cicero wrote in the two years preceding his death in 43 BC. He states near the beginning of De Natura Deorum that he wrote them both as a relief from the political inactivity to which he was reduced by the supremacy of Julius Caesar, and as a distraction from the grief caused by the death of his daughter Tullia. 

The dialogue is on the whole narrated by Cicero himself, though he does not play an active part in the discussion. Gaius Velleius represents the Epicurean school, Quintus Lucilius Balbus argues for the Stoics, and Gaius Cotta speaks for Cicero's own Academic Skepticism. The first book of the dialogue contains Cicero's introduction, Velleius' case for the Epicurean theology and Cotta's criticism of Epicureanism. Book II focuses on Balbus' explanation and defense of Stoic theology. Book III lays out Cotta's criticism of Balbus' claims. Cicero's conclusions are ambivalent and muted, "a strategy of civilized openness"; he does, however, conclude that Balbus' claims, in his mind, more nearly approximate the truth (3.95).

🪽Book 1 :- In Book 1 Cicero visits the house of Cotta the Pontifex Maximus, where he finds Cotta with Velleius, who is a Senator and Epicurean, and Balbus, who is a supporter of the Stoics. Cotta himself is an Academic Skeptic, and he informs Cicero that they were discoursing on the nature of the gods. Velleius had been stating the sentiments of Epicurus upon the subject. Velleius is requested to go on with his arguments after recapitulating what he had already said. The discourse of Velleius consists of three parts: (1) a general attack on Platonist and Stoic cosmology; (2) a historical review of the earlier philosophers; (3) and an exposition of Epicurean theology. Velleius raises the difficulty of supposing the creation of the universe to have taken place at a particular period of time, and questions the possible motive of a God in undertaking the work. The historical section (10–15), is full of inaccuracies and misstatements, of which it is likely that Cicero himself was ignorant, since he has Cotta later praise this account. The purpose however is for Velleius to show that the Epicurean idea of God as a perfectly happy, eternal being, possessed of reason, and in human form, is the only tenable one, and the other differing opinions is regarded as proof of their worthlessness. In the remainder of the book, Cotta attacks the positions of Velleius with regard to the form of the gods, and their exemption from creation and providence.🪶

🪽 Book 2 :-  In Book 2, Balbus gives the Stoics' position on the subject of the gods. He alludes to the magnificence of the world, and the prevalence of belief, and refers to the frequent appearance of the gods themselves in history. After referring to the practice of divination, Balbus proceeds to the "four causes" of Cleanthes as to how the idea of the gods is implanted in the minds of people: (1) a pre-knowledge of future events; (2) the great advantages we enjoy from nature; (3) the terror with which the mind is affected by thunder, tempests, and the like; (4) and the order and regularity in the universe. Balbus further contends that the world, or universe itself, and its parts, are possessed of reason and wisdom. He finally discusses the creation of the world, the providence of the gods, and denies "that a world, so beautifully adorned, could be formed by chance, or by a fortuitous concourse of atoms." The problem of how to account for the presence of misery and disaster in a world providentially governed (the so-called "problem of evil") is only hurriedly touched upon at the end of the book. 🪶

🪽 Book 3 :- In book 3 Cotta refutes the doctrines of Balbus. A large portion of this book, probably more than one third, has been lost. Cotta represents the appearances of gods as idle tales. There follows a gap in the text, following which Cotta attacks the four causes of Cleanthes. Cotta refutes the Stoic ideas on reason attributed to the universe and its parts. Ten chapters (16–25) are devoted to a disproportionately lengthy discussion of mythology, with examples multiplied to an inordinate extent. There follows another major gap in the text, at the end of which Cotta is seen attacking the doctrine of providential care for humans. Cicero states "The conversation ended here, and we parted. Velleius judged that the arguments of Cotta were the truest, but those of Balbus seemed to me to have the greater probability.".                               .......................................

Rene Descartes :-              In the fifth Meditation, Descartes presents a version of the ontological argument which is founded on the possibility of thinking the "idea of a being that is supremely perfect and infinite," and suggests that "of all the ideas that are in me, the idea that I have of God is the most true, the most clear and distinct."


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